个人备考IELTS过程中记录的写作学习笔记。
小作文
结构
短语词句
改写开头段
改写动词
- present information about… (动/静)
- show / illustrate the changes in… (动)
- show the differences between … in … (动/静)
- compare … in terms of … (动/静)
改写时间
- 直接说时间（in 1980, 1990, and 2000）
- 说多少个时间点（in three different years / separate years）
- 说时间段（during the period from 1980 to 2000 / during a twenty-year period / over a span of two years）
改写地点
- 直接说地点（in Africa, Europe and Asia）
- 说多少个地点（in three different regions / continents）
- 使用形容词（如 American / Australian）
不需要改写 chart, graph 这些词，不要用 picture, image
不要用倒装
不要照抄题目
不要用 depict, describe, portray, demonstrate, display
主体部分
一般 2~3 段。6~8 句话。
主体第一段通常不需要连接词。二 / 三段可以使用
突出图的不同
As shown in the second chart…
It is clear from the second chart…
The second chart shows that…
突出趋势的改变或高低的变化
Different trends / patterns are seen in …
The figures for other … were lower …
A different / The opposite trend / pattern…
A similar / The same trend / pattern …
表示对比的连接词
in contrast, on the other hand
meanwhile, in the meantime
by comparison
表示相似的连接词
also, similarly, likewise
代词 this 连接
This trend was also seen in…
The figure for this country…
时间表达、数据修饰
关于时间的表达
| 表达 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| during/over the period throughout… 整个时期之内 |
The divorce rate remained high throughout the twenty-year period |
| between… and… from… to… 从… 到… |
The growth accelerated during the period from 1995 to 2000. |
| … earlier 多长时间之前 | The proportion of homeowners was 78% in 1989, in marked contrast to a mere 35% three decades earlier. |
| at the beginning of… 在… 开始的时候 |
At the beginning of the 1960 s, |
| by the middle of… 在… 中期之前 |
By the middle of the 20 th century, |
| by the end of… 在某一时间之前 |
By the end of the period |
| by/until… 直到 |
The unemployment rate ramains above 20% until at least 2020. |
| from… onwards 从… 开始 |
From the 1970 s onwards, the volume of exports underwent a period of growth. |
| for at least… 最少多长时间 |
The house prices remained high for at least five years. |
| in the following…. 在随后的… 年 |
The investment fell to 5% per annum in the following five years. |
| the early… the mid… the late… … 年代的早期，中期，末期 |
The crime rate rose from the mid-80 s to the late 90 s. |
| for the first time in… 多长时间内第一次 |
Suicide rates declined for the first time in five years in 2010. |
| in a row 连续 for… consecutive years 连续… 年 |
The number of visitors increased for five years in a row. The company has remained profitable for 10 consecutive years. |
数据的修饰
| 表达 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| up to/as much as 多达 |
The number of shoppers plunged by up to 23 per cent. House prices fell as much as 40% between 1980 and 1985. |
| only, a mere, no more than 仅仅 |
The web economy represents a mere 1% of the country ’s GDP. |
| top, exceed 超过 |
Exports topped (or exceeded) $10 billion in 2006. |
| in excess of 超过 |
The turnover of the industry was in excess of $ 1.5 billion. |
| less than/ more than 少于 ／ 多于 |
More than one-third of the British population has trouble sleeping from time to time. |
| above/ over/ below 少于／多于 |
The consumption of fish was just below 50 grams. |
| a total of 总数 |
A total of $ 900 million was spent on public transport. |
| remaining 剩余的 |
Medicine represented 30 per cent of the company’s revenues, merchandise 40 per cent and vehicles the remaining 30 per cent. |
| a new/ record/ all-time high a new/ all-time low 历史最高/低 |
The price of oil reached a new high in 2010. UK trade deficit with China rose almost 10% to 3 billion，a ten-year high. The enrolment rate dropped to an all-time low, 50%. |
| ranging from… to… 在… 范围内 |
The price was volatile, ranging from $ 20 to $ 40. |
| respectively 分别地 |
Animal grazing and tree clearance constituted 25 per cent and 40 per cent of the world’s land degradation respectively.· |
| peak at/amount to/equal 到达最高点，到达，等于… |
Britain’s crime rate peaked at 9% or so in 1999. Time lost due to illness amounted to 1,200 working days. |
| versus 相比 | There was a steep decrease in the spending on education (223 million in 1989 versus 110 million in 1994). |
总结段
不要写 In conclusion，要说 overall, to summarise, in summary 等
不要出现数据
不要揣测数据变化的原因，不要给建议
其实是只用一个复杂的句子来描述图片的内容
我的模拟
剑雅 11 T1
score 6.5
Task Achievement: Band 6.0
需要更多的数据对比。
lacks a clear conclusion summarizing key findings
Coherence and Cohesion: Band 6.5
And 开头的句子可替换：Additionally, Furthermore, Moreover
Lexical Resource: Band 6.0
with some repetition of terms like “water used” and “use”.
参考替换：”distribution,” “proportion,” “allocation”
Grammatical Range and Accuracy: Band 6.0
大作文
结构
一般 4~5 段
开头段：1~2 句
主体段：若写 3 段，每段 3~4 句；若写 2 段，每段 5 句左右
结尾段：1~2 句（可不写）
写作步骤
审题
- 确定题目主要讨论的观点是什么
- 确定题目关键词，这些关键词要不断在文章中出现，确保扣题
确定观点
写自己最熟悉和最容易拓展的观点
写开头段
第一句可以改写题目的内容
第二句表明立场，要出现关键词/替换词
写主体部分
第一段
写这一段的中心句，可以顺着开头段提到的东西写。
解释为什么，不能重复中心句，要具体的解释。
举例说明。举例要具体，不能泛泛而谈
段落最后可以再扣一下题
第二段
折中段
写中心句，要出现观点，题目关键词，连接词
可以写一下中心句成立的背景
解释为什么
举例细化
可以对比一下
写结尾段
总结主要立场，不需要全部总结，用词尽量不要重复。
如果时间不够，可以不写；如果时间够，切记不要加入新的内容和信息。
词句短语
首先
Primarily
相反
Conversely
on the contrary
in contrast
furthermore
我的模拟
剑雅 8 T1
score 6.5
剑雅 11 T1
score 6.0
Task Response (6.0)
disagreement 的 reasons 不够充分，缺少条理逻辑
强调的 roads 但是没有和 railway 对比
roads 更重要的观点没有具体的 evidence or example
Coherence and Cohesion (6.0)
information 的过渡不够丝滑
overuse 了 however 和 what’s more
第二段长句子有问题
Lexical Resource (6.0)
存在拼写错误
用词可以更复杂点
Grammatical Range and Accuracy (6.0)
太多语法错误
Tips
acknowledge that railways can reduce traffic congestion and environmental pollution, giving more balance to your argument.
“furthermore,” “in contrast,” or “consequently”
